Earth & Environment
Explore the physical Earth and the environmental processes that shape its surface, oceans and climate. Science University explains topics such as earthquakes, climate change and ocean acidification by connecting observations with the underlying physics, chemistry and geology. Articles distinguish measured evidence from interpretation and link readers to scientific agencies and established literature. This subject hub is designed for readers who want a reliable foundation for understanding natural hazards, planetary change and human influences on Earth systems.
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Ocean Acidification: Chemistry, Causes and Effects
Ocean acidification occurs as seawater absorbs additional atmospheric carbon dioxide. Learn how carbonate chemistry changes, why pH falls and how marine organisms and reefs can be affected.
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Climate Change: Causes, Evidence and Effects
Human greenhouse-gas emissions are warming the climate system. This guide explains the physical cause, the evidence used for attribution, observed changes and the choices that shape future risk.
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What Causes Earthquakes? Faults, Seismic Waves and Magnitude
Earthquakes occur when accumulated stress causes rocks to slip along a fault. Learn how plate motion, seismic waves, magnitude, intensity and secondary hazards fit together.